Īfter the Mongol invasion and destruction, the Timurids rebuilt the area and once again made it a center of Islamic learning. During this period, known as the Islamic Golden Age, Afghanistan became the second major center of learning in the Muslim world after Baghdad. The Friday Mosque of Herat is one of the oldest mosques in the country, believed to have been first built under the Ghurids in the 12th century. The Ghaznavids were replaced by the Ghurid Dynasty who expanded the already powerful Islamic empire. The remnants of a Shahi presence in Peshawar were expelled by Mahmud of Ghazni in 9. Islamic leaders have entered the political sphere at various times of crisis but rarely exercised secular authority for long.
Since then, Islam has dominated the country's religious landscape. Later, the Samanids propagated Sunni Islam deep into Central Asia, and the first complete translation of the Qur'an into Persian was made in the 9th century. He emigrated to Kufa (in Iraq), where Hanifa was born.
The father of Abu Hanifa, Thabit bin Zuta, was born in the territory that is now Afghanistan.
A miniature from Padshahnama depicting the surrender of the Shia Safavid at Kandahar in 1638 to the Sunni Mughal army commanded by Kilij Khanĭuring the reign of Al-Mu'tasim and his successors, Islam was generally practiced by most inhabitants of the region, and after Abbasid decline, under Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari, Islam was the predominant religion of Kabul and other major cities of Afghanistan.
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